{"id":271,"date":"2024-04-23T20:10:59","date_gmt":"2024-04-23T20:10:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/siglo21.cr.sinlimitescr.xyz\/?p=271"},"modified":"2025-06-04T19:39:01","modified_gmt":"2025-06-05T01:39:01","slug":"cancer-de-seno","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/siglo21.cr\/eng\/2024\/04\/23\/cancer-de-seno\/","title":{"rendered":"Breast cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Breast Cancer and its Treatment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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What is breast cancer?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Breast cancer is a disease in which the cells of the breast tissue begin to grow uncontrollably. This type of cancer can develop in different parts of the breast, mainly in the ducts that carry milk (ductal carcinoma) or in the lobules that produce it (lobular carcinoma)<\/p>

Although it mainly affects women, it can also occur in men. Detecting it early is crucial to increase the chances of successful treatment and recovery.<\/p>

Learn more in the following section.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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RISK FACTOR'S<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Factors that may affect breast cancer risk include:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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FAMILY BACKGROUND: <\/span><\/h3>

Having a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) with breast cancer doubles or triples the risk of developing it, but the risk in more distant relatives increases only slightly.<\/p>

GENE MUTATION FOR BREAST CANCER: <\/span><\/h3>

About 5 to 10% of women with breast cancer carry a mutation in 1 of 2 known breast cancer genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2. If these women's relatives also carry the mutation, they have a 50 to 85% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer.<\/p>

PERSONAL HISTORY: <\/span><\/h3>

Having had invasive breast cancer increases your risk. The risk of developing cancer in the contralateral breast after mastectomy is 0.5 to 1%\/year of follow-up.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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GYNECOLOGICAL HISTORY: <\/span><\/h3>

Early menarche, late menopause, or a late first pregnancy increase the risk.<\/p>

BREAST CHANGES: <\/span><\/h3>

A history of a lesion that required a biopsy slightly increases the risk.<\/p>

Benign lesions that may slightly increase the risk of invasive breast cancer include complex fibroadenoma, moderate or florid hyperplasia (without atypia), sclerosing adenosis, and papilloma.<\/p>

An increase in breast density on a screening mammogram is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer.<\/p>

USE OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES: <\/span><\/h3>

Oral contraceptives increase the risk very slightly (about 5 more cases per 100,000 women). The risk increases primarily during the years of contraceptive use and decreases slowly during the 10 years following discontinuation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Early detection<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Breast cancer is a major health problem worldwide. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, its prognosis continues to depend mainly on the extent of the disease at the time of detection. Hence, getting an early diagnosis remains the best way to improve your chances of cure.<\/p>

Mammography has been proven to be the most effective diagnostic test; it reduces mortality from breast cancer.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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SYMPTOMS: <\/span><\/h5>

A lump or thickening in the breast that feels different from the surrounding tissue. A palpable nodule in the breast is the most common sign, and it is usually not painful.<\/p>

Change in the size, shape, or appearance of a breast. Skin changes over the breast, such as dimpling.<\/p>

Recent nipple inversion scaly, peeling, crusting, and peeling of the pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple (areola) or breast skin, Redness or small holes in the skin over your breast , like the peel of an orange.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

DIAGNOSIS: <\/span><\/h5>

When there is a suspicion of breast cancer either through physical examination (both by the patient and a doctor) or by a routine mammogram, a study is initiated to confirm or rule out that suspicion. Imaging tests will guide the diagnosis, but a certain diagnosis of breast cancer always requires confirmation with a biopsy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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WITHIN THE TESTS ARE<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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SELF-EXPLORATION: <\/span><\/h5>

It has not been proven effective in reducing the mortality of the disease.<\/p>

MAMMOGRAPHS: <\/span><\/h5>

They are X-ray images that detect abnormal areas in the breast. They do not have a 100% reliability so they may give suspicious images that are ultimately not malignant (false positives) or fail to diagnose a malignant tumor (false negatives).<\/p>

ULTRASOUNDS: <\/span><\/h5>

Technique that uses ultrasound to produce an image and can distinguish cystic lesions (fluid-filled, normally non-tumorous) from solid lesions (more suspicious). Many times this technique complements mammography. Ultrasound can also assess the status of the lymph nodes in the armpit, which are the first site of spread of breast cancer.<\/p>

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE:<\/span>\u00a0<\/h5>

It is a radiological examination that uses the action of an electromagnetic field to obtain images. It may be necessary in women with dense breast tissue, women with a BRCA gene mutation or women wearing silicone prostheses.<\/p>

If breast cancer is suspected, the next step is to take a tissue sample for analysis.<\/p>

BIOPSY: <\/span><\/h5>

It consists of extracting a sample of tissue from the suspicious area to analyze it microscopically and determine its benign or malignant characteristics, as well as the type of tumor cells, their degree of aggressiveness and some other parameter of interest. when making decisions about treatment.<\/p>

The biopsy can be done by direct palpation or guided by ultrasound. This can be done with a fine needle (FNAB) or with a thick needle (CNA) to obtain a greater amount of tissue. Sometimes a biopsy may be necessary in the operating room.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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TREATMENT<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The doctor determines the treatment options for breast cancer based on the type of breast cancer, its stage, grade, size, and whether the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones.<\/p>

The treatment will depend on the stage at the time of diagnosis, whether it is ER\/PR positive or not, and whether it is HER2 positive or not. Surgery (stage I, II, IIIA to IIIC) is a cornerstone of breast cancer treatment. There are two (2) options:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBreast-conserving surgery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tModified radical mastectomy with dissection of axillary lymph node levels <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRadiotherapy<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    The sentinel lymph node is the node where nodal metastasis from the primary tumor is first detected. It has come to replace routine axillary lymph node dissection, thereby reducing the morbidity associated with it, such as swelling of the upper limb and neuropathies.<\/p>

    Radiotherapy<\/h3>

    It is used post-surgically in breast-conserving therapy (since the recurrence rate is over 20%) or in cancer with a high risk of local recurrence. Its purpose is to eradicate residual disease.<\/p>

    Radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery significantly reduces the incidence of local recurrences in the breast and regional lymph nodes and may improve overall survival rates.<\/p>

    The Siglo XXI Medical Radiotherapy Center is the only center in the country that offers high-precision treatments allowing for partial or high-dose schemes that better preserve healthy tissue and require less treatment time.<\/em> una menor cantidad de tiempo.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Below is the detailed description of the radiotherapy techniques:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

    RADIATION TO THE WHOLE BREAST: <\/span><\/h4>

    The conventional schedule for delivering radiation to the whole breast is 5 days a week (Monday through Friday) for 6 to 7 weeks. Another option is hypofractionated radiation therapy in which radiation is also given to the entire breast, but in higher daily doses (Monday through Friday) using fewer treatments (usually for only 3 to 4 weeks).<\/p>

    PARTIAL BREAST IRRADIATION:<\/span><\/h4>

    Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): IMRT delivers powerful doses to certain parts of the tumor bed and helps reduce damage to adjacent normal body tissues.<\/p>

    4D RADIOTHERAPY: <\/span><\/h4>

    It is a technique that takes into account the movement of the tumor not only during treatment but also during planning.<\/p>

    To do this, the patient\u2019s image acquisition system does not just capture images at a single moment, but obtains a series of images of the treatment area in the different positions it can assume.<\/p>

    It takes into account the patient\u2019s respiratory cycles, which are considered in the treatment planning. In this way, the equipment and dosage are calibrated to deliver treatment doses during the most optimal phases of the respiratory cycle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    IMAGE GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY (IGRT): <\/span><\/h4>

    This technique uses high-resolution three-dimensional images to locate the precise location of tumors, adjust the patient's position for maximum precision, and deliver radiation therapy. This allows the area to be treated to be determined in the most precise way and the areas surrounding the treatment area to be maximally protected. This technology places the patient at the exact point that should be treated to almost exclusively irradiate the injury and not damage important organs such as the heart or lungs; technology that is not available in conventional radiotherapy systems.<\/p>

    FAST FORWARD:<\/span><\/h4>

    High doses in few treatments (5 sessions). A non-surgical procedure that delivers highly focused radiation at much higher doses in only a few treatments in the case of breast cancer.<\/p>

    Adjuvant treatment of breast cancer with external radiotherapy can now be applied over 5 consecutive days based on the results of the phase III FAST-Forward study (Murray Brunt, 2020), and the Siglo XXI Medical Radiotherapy Center is the pioneer in implementing this technique in Costa Rica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    C\u00e1ncer de Mama y su Tratamiento \u00bfQu\u00e9 es el c\u00e1ncer de seno? El c\u00e1ncer de mama es una enfermedad en la que las c\u00e9lulas del tejido mamario comienzan a crecer de forma descontrolada. Este tipo de c\u00e1ncer puede desarrollarse en diferentes partes del seno, principalmente en los conductos que transportan la leche (carcinoma ductal) o en los l\u00f3bulos que la producen (carcinoma lobulillar). Aunque afecta principalmente a mujeres, tambi\u00e9n puede presentarse en hombres. Detectarlo a tiempo es fundamental para aumentar las probabilidades de tratamiento exitoso y recuperaci\u00f3n. Conoc\u00e9 m\u00e1s en el siguiente apartado FACTORES DE RIESGO Los factores que pueden afectar el riesgo de c\u00e1ncer de mama incluyen: ANTECEDENTES FAMILIARES: Tener un familiar de primer grado (madre, hermana, hija) con ca\u0301ncer de mama duplica o triplica el riesgo de desarrollarlo, pero el riesgo en los parientes ma\u0301s alejados se incrementa solo ligeramente. MUTACI\u00d3N DEL GEN PARA EL C\u00c1NCER DE MAMA: Alrededor del 5 a 10% de las mujeres con ca\u0301ncer de mama portan una mutacio\u0301n en 1 de 2 genes conocidos para ca\u0301ncer de mama, el BRCA1 o el BRCA2. Si las parientes de estas mujeres tambie\u0301n son portadoras de la mutacio\u0301n, tienen un riesgo de por vida del 50 al 85% de desarrollar ca\u0301ncer de mama. ANTECEDENTES PERSONALES: Haber tenido un ca\u0301ncer de mama invasor aumenta el riesgo. El riesgo de desarrollar un ca\u0301ncer en la mama contralateral despue\u0301s de la mastectomi\u0301a es del 0,5 al 1%\/an\u0303o de seguimiento. ANTECEDENTES GINECOL\u00d3GICOS: La menarca temprana, la menopausia tardi\u0301a o un primer embarazo tardi\u0301o aumentan el riesgo. CAMBIOS MAMARIOS: El antecedente de una lesio\u0301n que requirio\u0301 una biopsia aumenta levemente el riesgo. Las lesiones benignas que pueden aumentar ligeramente el riesgo de ca\u0301ncer invasor de mama son el fibroadenoma complejo, la hiperplasia moderada o florida (sin atipia), la adenosis esclerosante y el papiloma. Un aumento en la densidad mamaria en una mamografi\u0301a de cribado se asocia con un incremento del riesgo de ca\u0301ncer de mama. USO DE ANTICONCEPTIVOS ORALES: Los anticonceptivos orales aumentan muy levemente el riesgo (unos 5 casos ma\u0301s por cada 100.000 mujeres). El riesgo aumenta principalmente durante los an\u0303os en que se usan los anticonceptivos y disminuye con lentitud durante los 10 an\u0303os siguientes a su interrupcio\u0301n. Detecci\u00f3n temprana El ca\u0301ncer de mama constituye un importante problema de salud a nivel mundial. A pesar de los avances diagno\u0301sticos y terape\u0301uticos, su prono\u0301stico sigue dependiendo principalmente de la extensio\u0301n de la enfermedad en el momento de la deteccio\u0301n. De ahi\u0301 que el conseguir un diagno\u0301stico temprano siga siendo la mejor vi\u0301a para mejorar sus posibilidades de curacio\u0301n. La mamografi\u0301a se ha acreditado como la prueba de diagno\u0301stico ma\u0301s efectiva, e\u0301stas consiguen una disminucio\u0301n en la mortalidad por ca\u0301ncer de mama. S\u00cdNTOMAS: Un bulto o engrosamiento en la mama que se siente diferente del tejido que la rodea. Un no\u0301dulo palpable en la mama es el signo ma\u0301s frecuente, generalmente no doloroso. Cambio de taman\u0303o, forma o aspecto de una mama. Cambios en la piel que se encuentra sobre la mama, como formacio\u0301n de hoyuelos. La inversio\u0301n reciente del pezo\u0301n escamacio\u0301n, desprendimiento de la piel, formacio\u0301n de costras y pelado del a\u0301rea pigmentada de la piel que rodea el pezo\u0301n (areola) o la piel de la mama, Enrojecimiento o pequen\u0303os orificios en la piel que se encuentra sobre tu mama, como la piel de una naranja. DIAGN\u00d3STICO: Cuando existe una sospecha de ca\u0301ncer de mama bien por la exploracio\u0301n fi\u0301sica (tanto por la paciente como por un me\u0301dico) o bien por una mamografi\u0301a de rutina, se inicia un estudio para confirmar o descartar esa sospecha. Las pruebas de imagen orientaran sobre el diagno\u0301stico, pero el diagno\u0301stico de certeza de ca\u0301ncer de mama requiere siempre una confirmacio\u0301n con biopsia. DENTRO DE LAS PRUEBAS EST\u00c1N AUTOEXPLORACI\u00d3N: No se ha demostrado eficaz para disminuir la mortalidad de la enfermedad. MAMOGRAF\u00cdAS: Son ima\u0301genes de rayos X que detectan zonas ano\u0301malas en la mama. No tienen un 100% de fiabilidad por lo que pueden dar ima\u0301genes sospechosas que finalmente no sean malignas (falsos positivos) o dejar de diagnosticar algu\u0301n tumor maligno (falsos negativos). ECOGRAF\u00cdAS: Te\u0301cnica que utiliza los ultrasonidos para producir una imagen y que puede distinguir lesiones qui\u0301sticas (rellenas de li\u0301quido, normalmente no tumorales) de lesiones so\u0301lidas (ma\u0301s sospechosas). Muchas veces esta te\u0301cnica complementa a la mamografi\u0301a. La ecografi\u0301a tambie\u0301n puede valorar el estado de los ganglios de la axila que son el primer sitio de diseminacio\u0301n del ca\u0301ncer de mama. RESONANCIA MAGN\u00c9TICA NUCLEAR:\u00a0 Es una exploracio\u0301n radiolo\u0301gica que utiliza la accio\u0301n de un campo electromagne\u0301tico para la obtencio\u0301n de ima\u0301genes. Puede ser necesaria en mujeres con tejido mamario denso, mujeres con mutacio\u0301n del gen BRCA o mujeres portadoras de pro\u0301tesis de silicona. Si se sospecha un ca\u0301ncer de mama el siguiente paso es tomar una muestra de tejido del mismo para analizarlo. BIOPSIA: Consiste en la extraccio\u0301n de una muestra del tejido de la zona sospechosa para analizarlo en el microsco\u0301pico y poder determinar las caracteri\u0301sticas benignas o malignas del mismo, asi\u0301 como el tipo de ce\u0301lulas tumorales, el grado de agresividad de las mismas y algu\u0301n otro para\u0301metro de intere\u0301s a la hora de tomar decisiones sobre el tratamiento. La biopsia puede hacerse por palpacio\u0301n directa o guiada por ecografi\u0301a, esto puede hacerse con una aguja fina (PAAF) o con aguja gruesa (BAG) para obtener mayor cantidad de tejido. En ocasiones, puede ser necesaria una biopsia en el quiro\u0301fano. \u00a0 TRATAMIENTO El me\u0301dico determina las opciones de tratamiento contra el ca\u0301ncer de mama segu\u0301n el tipo de ca\u0301ncer de mama, su etapa, grado, taman\u0303o, y si las ce\u0301lulas cancerosas son sensibles a las hormonas. El tratamiento dependera\u0301 del estadi\u0301o al momento del diagno\u0301stico, si es, ER\/PR positivo o no, HER2 positivo o no. Cirugi\u0301a (estadi\u0301o I, II, IIIA al IIIC), es un pilar del tratamiento de ca\u0301ncer de mama. Hay dos (2) opciones: Cirug\u00eda conservadora de mama Mastectom\u00eda radical modificada con disecci\u00f3n de niveles de ganglios axilares Radioterapia El ganglio Centinela, es el ganglio donde primero se descubre la meta\u0301stasis nodal<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":272,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tipos-cancer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nC\u00e1ncer de Seno - SigloXXI - Centro Me\u0301dico de Radioterapia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Se\u00f1ales de alerta, s\u00edntomas, etapas en un proceso de tratamiento y m\u00e1s. 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