{"id":280,"date":"2024-04-23T20:54:19","date_gmt":"2024-04-23T20:54:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/siglo21.cr.sinlimitescr.xyz\/?p=280"},"modified":"2025-06-27T16:15:11","modified_gmt":"2025-06-27T22:15:11","slug":"cancer-de-cervix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/siglo21.cr\/eng\/2024\/04\/23\/cancer-de-cervix\/","title":{"rendered":"Cervical Cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Cervix Cancer\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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What is Cervix cancer?\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells on its surface start to divide uncontrollably. These changes cause abnormalities that are not necessarily cancerous but are the first steps that can lead to the development of cancer.<\/p>

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, ranking fourth in both incidence and mortality.<\/p>

There are currently specialized radiotherapy techniques that contribute to disease control. \n\nLearn more in the following section<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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RISK FACTOR'S<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Factors that may affect breast cancer risk include:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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As with other chronic diseases, the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer increase with age; nevertheless, the greatest absolute burden of cervical cancer falls on middle-aged women.\u00a0<\/p>

\u201cCervical cancer is one of the few common cancers in which a specific causal agent has been identified.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/h5>
\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/div>

Chronic HPV infection is the primary cause in more than 99% of cervical cancer cases. In addition to HPV-16 and HPV-18, recent international studies have expanded the list of oncogenic viruses to include types 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, 58, and 59.\u00a0<\/p>

Worldwide, HPV prevalence has been recorded in 99.7 percent of cervical carcinomas, with oncogenic types 16 and 18 being the most frequently detected. All factors related to acquiring the infection are considered risk factors.<\/p>

HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and the majority of sexually active people come into contact with the virus at some point in their lives.\u00a0<\/p>

Environmental agents such as tobacco smoke, hormonal contraceptives, diet, and various infectious microorganisms have been evaluated as possible cofactors of HPV in cervical carcinogenesis.<\/p>

Well-controlled epidemiological studies have shown that patients with HPV-positive cervical cancer are twice as likely to have been smokers compared to HPV-positive controls. Additionally, some recent studies in HPV-positive women have indicated that the risk of cervical cancer is higher in those who have used oral contraceptives for more than 10 years.<\/p>

Factors to consider:<\/h4>
  • \u00a0Early age of initiation of sexual relations<\/li>
  • \u00a0High-risk partners<\/li>
  • \u00a0Immunosuppression (transplant patients, patients with autoimmune diseases being treated with steroids, HIV, etc\u2026)<\/li>
  • \u00a0History of coinfection with a sexually transmitted disease.<\/li>
  • \u00a0Use of the contraceptive pill, because it is usually associated with not using barrier methods.<\/li>
  • Smoking doubles their risk compared to non-smokers.<\/span><\/li>
  • \u00a0Multiparity and first pregnancy at a young age<\/li>
  • \u00a0Type of HPV infection, due to the oncogenic potential of each subtype.<\/li><\/ul>
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    In the earliest stages the disease is frequently asymptomatic. The earliest symptoms include:<\/p>

    SYMPTOMS:<\/span><\/h5>

    Abnormal genital bleeding (irregular\/intermittent), Bleeding after sexual intercourse (coitorrhagia) or during gynecological examination, Smelly discharge, is very nonspecific, but may be indicative of vaginitis or cervicitis, Pelvic or lower back pain, Discomfort when urinating (dysuria) or Rectal tenesmus, Gynecological bleeding after menopause, Pain during sexual relations (dyspareunia).<\/p>

    DIAGNOSIS: <\/span><\/h5>

    Cytology using the Papanicolaou technique has low sensitivity for diagnosing high-grade lesions but compensates with high specificity.<\/p>

    The combination of molecular detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology achieves a sensitivity of up to 96% for detecting these lesions.<\/p>

    The Papanicolaou test has reduced the incidence rate of cervical cancer by 60%\u201390% and the mortality rate by 90%.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Physical and gynecological examination:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h6>

    A visual examination of the cervix is performed using a speculum. Lesions visible with this technique include ulcerations, exophytic tumors on the exocervix, and infiltration of the endocervix.<\/p>

    Cervical cytology (Papanicolaou):<\/h6>

    It is the main population screening method. It identifies abnormal cells. It has low sensitivity but high specificity.<\/p>

    HPV test:<\/h6>

    A test with high sensitivity and specificity.<\/p>

    Colposcopy:<\/h6>

    It is performed when any of the screening tests are positive or if there is clinical suspicion. It allows for a more detailed view of the morphology of suspicious lesions and enables biopsies to be taken during the same procedure.<\/p>

    Cervical biopsy:<\/h6>

    It involves taking a small sample of the suspicious lesion to confirm the suspected diagnosis.<\/p>

    Image tests:<\/h4>


    – Cystoscopy and\/or rectosigmoidoscopy:<\/strong>\u00a0It consists of performing a direct visualization of the bladder and rectum respectively in case of suspicion of infiltration by the tumor.
    –\u00a0Urography:<\/strong>\u00a0allows evaluation of the urinary tract in the event of suspicion of locally advanced disease.
    –\u00a0Transvaginal Ultrasound<\/strong>.
    –\u00a0Computed Tomography (CT)<\/strong>: It can be used instead of chest x-ray and urography for staging and is also useful for assessing lymph node involvement.
    –\u00a0Magnetic resonance<\/strong>: very useful test for local staging of the disease by determining tumor size, invasion of adjacent tissues and lymph node involvement.<\/p>

    Positron emission tomography (PET)<\/strong>: This nuclear medicine imaging test uses a small amount of radioactive material to help determine how much cervical cancer has spread.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Treatment depends on the diagnosis, the size, location and stage of the tumor, as well as your general health and physical condition. Depending on the extent of the cancer and risk assessment, treatment may consist of one or more therapies:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

    SURGERY: <\/span><\/h5>

    The conventional schedule for delivering radiation to the whole breast is 5 days a week (Monday through Friday) for 6 to 7 weeks. Another option is hypofractionated radiation therapy in which radiation is also given to the entire breast, but in higher daily doses (Monday through Friday) using fewer treatments (usually for only 3 to 4 weeks).<\/p>

    RADIOTHERAPY: <\/span><\/h5>

    Radiotherapy may be administered after surgery or instead of surgery, and it is the preferred treatment at any stage of the disease, except for the earliest stages.<\/p>

    It is also used to treat some patients with locally advanced cervical cancer and can be used to manage certain symptoms of metastatic disease, serving as neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy depending on the case.<\/p>

    It is a treatment administered on an outpatient basis, 5 days a week, for approximately 5 weeks.<\/strong><\/span> The administration of radiotherapy treatment lasts only a few minutes and is not painful.<\/p>

    Currently, there are very sophisticated advanced treatment techniques with external radiotherapy that allow high doses of radiation to be administered to the treatment area, minimizing the radiation dose to the healthy organs surrounding the tumor and demonstrating that the overall survival and the disease-free period In this type of pathology, the application of these techniques is favored.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Currently, the Centro M\u00e9dico de Radioterapia Siglo XXI has these technologies and the expertise to treat these types of conditions, ensuring the protection of surrounding organs and tissues, reducing toxicities in the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, thereby providing a higher quality of life for the patient. These techniques include:<\/p>

    Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy IMRT<\/h5>

    It allows variation of the radiotherapy dose and intensity during treatment. This computerized technology enables the delivery of precise radiation doses to a tumor or specific areas within a tumor while reducing doses to healthy tissues.<\/p>

    * IGRT:<\/h5>

    It allows the delivery of higher doses of radiotherapy through the use of advanced imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy or an integrated imaging scanner. This advancement enables the physician to take images of the area just before administering radiation to make minor adjustments in the beam direction, helping to deliver radiation even more precisely.<\/p>

    CHEMOTHERAPY: <\/span><\/h5>

    The use of radiotherapy as part of the treatment of rectal malignancies is increasingly widespread. In locally advanced primary rectal cancer, several studies have demonstrated its effectiveness, with a decrease in local recurrence and an increase in disease-free survival, both in its preoperative and postoperative administration. Emerging developments such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), and stereotactic radiation therapy (SBRT) are being evaluated. These techniques offer the possibility of providing greater radiotherapy without involving normal or healthy tissue.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    C\u00e1ncer C\u00e9rvix \u00bfQu\u00e9 es el c\u00e1ncer C\u00e9rvix? El\u00a0c\u00e1ncer de c\u00e9rvix se inicia cuando las c\u00e9lulas sanas de su superficie comienzan a dividirse de manera descontrolada. Estos cambios condicionan anomal\u00edas, no necesariamente cancerosas pero son los primeros pasos que pueden dar lugar a la formaci\u00f3n de un c\u00e1ncer. El c\u00e1ncer de cuello uterino, o de c\u00e9rvix, se ubica entre los m\u00e1s frecuentes en la poblaci\u00f3n femenina a nivel mundial, posee el cuarto puesto en incidencia y mortalidad. Actualmente existen t\u00e9cnicas de Radioterapia especializadas que contribuyen con el control de la enfermedad: Conozca m\u00e1s en el siguiente apartado. FACTORES DE RIESGO Los factores que pueden afectar el riesgo de c\u00e1ncer de mama incluyen: Al igual que con otras enfermedades cr\u00f3nicas, las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad del c\u00e1ncer cervicouterino aumentan con la edad y a pesar de esto la mayor carga absoluta del c\u00e1ncer cervicouterino recae sobre las mujeres de mediana edad.\u00a0 \u00abEl c\u00e1ncer cervicouterino representa uno de los pocos c\u00e1nceres comunes en los cuales se ha identificado un agente causal espec\u00edfico\u00bb \u00a0 La infecci\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica del VPH es la causa fundamental en m\u00e1s del 99% de los casos de c\u00e1ncer de c\u00e9rvix. Adem\u00e1s del VPH-16 y el VPH-18, los estudios internacionales recientes han ampliado la lista de los virus onc\u00f3genos para incluir los tipos 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, 58 y 59.\u00a0 A nivel mundial, se ha registrado la prevalencia del VPH en 99,7 por ciento de los carcinomas cervicouterinos, y los tipos onc\u00f3genos 16 y 18 son los que se detectan con mayor frecuencia. Se consideran factores de riesgo todos aquellos relacionados con la adquisici\u00f3n de la infecci\u00f3n. El VPH es la infecci\u00f3n de transmisi\u00f3n sexual m\u00e1s com\u00fan y la mayor\u00eda de la poblaci\u00f3n sexualmente activa entra en contacto con el virus a lo largo de su vida.\u00a0 Se han evaluado agentes ambientales tales como el humo del tabaco, los anticonceptivos hormonales, el r\u00e9gimen alimentario y diversos microorganismos infecciosos como posibles cofactores del VPH en la carcinog\u00e9nesis cervical. Estudios epidemiol\u00f3gicos bien controlados han demostrado que las pacientes con c\u00e1ncer cervicouterino positivo al VPH tienen el doble de probabilidades de haber sido fumadoras que las testigos positivas al VPH. Adem\u00e1s, algunos estudios recientes en mujeres positivas al VPH han indicado que el riesgo de c\u00e1ncer cervicouterino es mayor en las mujeres que han usado anticonceptivos orales durante m\u00e1s de 10 a\u00f1os. Factores a considerar: \u00a0Edad temprana de inicio de las relaciones sexuales \u00a0Parejas de alto riesgo \u00a0Inmunosupresi\u00f3n (trasplantadas, pacientes con enfermedades autoinmunes en tratamiento con esteroides, VIH, etc…) \u00a0Antecedentes de coinfecci\u00f3n por enfermedad de transmisi\u00f3n sexual. \u00a0Uso de p\u00edldora anticonceptiva, porque suele llevar asociado no usar m\u00e9todos barrera. Tabaquismo, duplican su riesgo respecto a las no fumadoras. \u00a0Multiparidad y primer embarazo a una edad temprana \u00a0Tipo de infecci\u00f3n por VPH, debido al potencial oncog\u00e9nico de cada subtipo. \u00a0 En los estadios m\u00e1s tempranos la enfermedad es frecuentemente asintom\u00e1tica. Los s\u00edntomas m\u00e1s precoces incluyen: S\u00cdNTOMAS: Sangrado genital an\u00f3malo (irregular\/intermitente), Sangrado tras relaciones sexuales (coitorragia) o durante el examen ginecol\u00f3gico, Flujo maloliente, es muy inespec\u00edfico, pero puede ser indicativo de vaginitis o cervicitis, Dolor p\u00e9lvico o lumbar, Molestias al orinar (disuria) o tenesmo rectal, Sangrado ginecol\u00f3gico tras la menopausia, Dolor durante las relaciones sexuales (dispareunia). DIAGN\u00d3STICO: La citolog\u00eda mediante t\u00e9cnica de Papanicolaou tiene una baja sensibilidad para el diagn\u00f3stico de lesiones de alto grado, pero compensa con una alta especificidad. La combinaci\u00f3n de la detecci\u00f3n molecular del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) y la citolog\u00eda alcanza una sensibilidad para detectar estas lesiones de hasta el 96%. La prueba de Papanicolaou ha reducido la tasa de incidencia del c\u00e1ncer de cuello uterino en un 60%-90% y la tasa de mortalidad en un 90%.\u00a0 HERRAMIENTAS DIAGN\u00d3STICAS Exploraci\u00f3n f\u00edsica y ginecol\u00f3gica:\u00a0 Se realiza un examen visual del c\u00e9rvix con esp\u00e9culo. Aquellas lesiones visibles con esta t\u00e9cnica incluyen ulceraciones, tumores exof\u00edticos en el exoc\u00e9rvix e infiltraci\u00f3n del endoc\u00e9rvix. Citolog\u00eda cervical (Papanicolaou): Es el principal m\u00e9todo de cribado poblacional. Identifica c\u00e9lulas anormales. Sensibilidad baja pero alta especificidad. Prueba de VPH: Prueba de alta sensibilidad y especificidad. Colposcopia: Se realiza cuando alguna de las pruebas de cribado resulta positiva o si existe sospecha cl\u00ednica. Permite ver con mayor detalle la morfolog\u00eda de lesiones sospechosas y en el mismo acto tomar biopsias. Biopsia cervical: Consiste en la toma de un peque\u00f1o fragmento de la lesi\u00f3n sospechosa para corroborar el diagn\u00f3stico de sospecha. Pruebas de imagen: – Cistoscopia y\/o rectosigmoidoscopia:\u00a0consiste en realizar una visualizaci\u00f3n directa de vejiga y recto respectivamente ante la sospecha de infiltraci\u00f3n por el tumor.–\u00a0Urograf\u00eda:\u00a0permite valorar las v\u00edas urinarias ante la sospecha de enfermedad localmente avanzada.–\u00a0Ecograf\u00eda Transvaginal.–\u00a0Tomograf\u00eda Computarizada (TC): se puede utilizar en lugar de la radiograf\u00eda de t\u00f3rax y urograf\u00eda para el estadiaje y tambi\u00e9n resulta de utilidad para la valoraci\u00f3n de la afectaci\u00f3n ganglionar.–\u00a0Resonancia Magn\u00e9tica: prueba de gran utilidad para la estadificaci\u00f3n local de la enfermedad determinando el tama\u00f1o del tumor, la invasi\u00f3n de tejidos adyacentes y la afectaci\u00f3n ganglionar. Tomograf\u00eda por emisi\u00f3n de positrones (PET): Este examen por im\u00e1genes de medicina nuclear utiliza una peque\u00f1a cantidad de material radiactivo para ayudar a determinar el grado de diseminaci\u00f3n del c\u00e1ncer cervical. El tratamiento depende del diagn\u00f3stico, del tama\u00f1o, localizaci\u00f3n y estadio del tumor, as\u00ed como de su estado general de salud y su estado f\u00edsico. Seg\u00fan la extensi\u00f3n del c\u00e1ncer y de la evaluaci\u00f3n del riesgo, el tratamiento puede consistir en una o m\u00e1s terapias: CIRUG\u00cdA: El programa convencional para administrar radiacio\u0301n a todo el seno es de 5 di\u0301as a la semana (de lunes a viernes) por 6 a 7 semanas. Otra opcio\u0301n es radioterapia hipo fraccionada en la que tambie\u0301n se administra radiacio\u0301n a todo el seno, pero en dosis diarias ma\u0301s elevadas (de lunes a viernes) utilizando menos tratamientos (por lo general durante solo 3 a 4 semanas). RADIOTERAPIA: La radioterapia podr\u00eda ser administrada despu\u00e9s de la cirug\u00eda o en lugar de la cirug\u00eda, y es el tratamiento predilecto durante cualquier etapa de la enfermedad, con excepci\u00f3n de las etapas m\u00e1s tempranas. Tambi\u00e9n se utiliza para tratar a algunas pacientes con<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":285,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tipos-cancer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nC\u00e1ncer de C\u00e9rvix - SigloXXI - Centro Me\u0301dico de Radioterapia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"S\u00edntomas, tratamientos, diagn\u00f3stico y m\u00e1s. 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