General Information about Nutrition for Cancer Patients

General Information about Nutrition for Cancer Patients

By: Dr. Meyryn Carrillo

Physician and Surgeon, Master in Clinical and Oncological Nutrition.

Diet is an important part of cancer treatment. By maintaining proper nutrition before, during and after your treatment you will feel better and have more strength to perform daily tasks. People with cancer often need to follow a different diet than what is considered healthy. For most people, a healthy diet consists of eating:

  • Lots of fruit, vegetables and whole grain bread and cereals
  • Little meat and dairy products
  • Small amounts of fat, sugar, alcohol and salt

However, when you have cancer, you need to eat to maintain your energy in order to overcome the side effects of the treatment. When health is good, it is usually not a problem to eat enough food. But, when faced with cancer and treatment, this can be a real challenge.

When we talk about the medical term “intra-fraction elongated intervals,” we are referring to the time separation between radiation doses within a treatment. Administration of fractionated doses allows normal cells time to repair damage caused by radiation, while cancer cells, which often have a more limited repair capacity, can accumulate damage and eventually die (Shibamoto, Miyakawa, Otsuka , & Iwata, 2016).

People experience different emotions and physical reactions before, during and after cancer treatment. Good nutrition is very important for patients diagnosed with any type of cancer because it helps them feel better, cope better with the recommended medical treatment, and fight the disease. There are times when a person cannot consume an adequate diet, which can cause weight loss and general weakness.

When cancer is diagnosed, the doctor may recommend one of these treatments, such as: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal and biological therapy (immunotherapy), or some combination of these. All of these methods have side effects that can affect a person's getting adequate nutrition including:

SIDE EFFECTS

  • Loss of Appetite
  • Changes in Taste and Smell
  • Weight Loss or Gain
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Mouth or Throat Irritation
  • Diarrhea
  • Dryness in the mouth
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Dental and Gum Problems
  • Constipation

Whether you experience these side effects will depend on many factors, including the type of cancer, the part of the body that was treated, and the type, duration, and dose of treatment. Some eating problems are caused by the treatment itself, but sometimes they are a result of the person feeling upset, worried or scared. While you are undergoing treatment for cancer, you should consult with a Nutritionist to make specific recommendations about adequate nutrition.

To obtain better nutrition, some general dietary recommendations can be followed, depending on the side effect:

Loss of Appetite: It is recommended to consume small and frequent meals. You should have snacks high in calories and protein within reach, to consume them when you feel hungry. Example: Turrialba Cheese or Peanut Butter with non-dairy Crackers, Low-fat Yogurt or Nuts.

Weightloss: It is recommended to follow the recommendations when there is loss of appetite.

Weight gain: It is important to notify the doctor because it can often be fluid retention (edema). Whether it is fluid retention or body weight gain, you should consult with the Nutritionist.

Mouth or Throat Irritation: You should consult your doctor to make sure it is not a dental problem. Eat soft foods that are easy to chew and swallow. Example: Some types of Smoothies, Bananas, Pureed or Canned Fruits, Nectars, Low-fat Yogurt, Mashed Potatoes, Macaroni in natural tomato sauce, Jellies, Flans with lactose-free and skim milk, Scrambled Eggs, Hot Cereals, Pureed Vegetables , Meat Purees etc.

Dryness in Mouth: It is recommended to take a sip of water every 5 or 10 minutes so you can swallow better. You should consume sweet or acidic drinks, such as lemonade, suck on candy, lollipops or chewing gum to produce more saliva. Sauces and dressings can be added to foods and consumed pureed to make them easier to swallow.

Changes in Taste and Smell: You may experience a bitter or metallic taste in foods, especially meats or other high-protein foods. Additionally, many foods may feel less flavorful. You should choose the most attractive foods to see and smell. If you do not want to consume beef or pork because of the flavor you feel, you can consume white meats such as poultry, fresh fish with little odor, eggs or dairy products. Foods can be marinated in sweet fruit juices, Italian dressing, or sweet and sour sauce. If you are experiencing discomfort from odors, it is recommended to serve food at room temperature.

Nausea and Vomiting: You should ask your doctor about medications called antiemetics that can help control nausea and vomiting. It is recommended to avoid foods high in fat, spicy, acidic, very sweet and with a strong smell. Less liquids should be taken with meals. Take small sips of liquids throughout the day.

Diarrhea: You should consult your doctor to identify the cause of diarrhea in order to treat it successfully. It is recommended to drink large amounts of fluids to replace lost water. Instead of eating three large meals, you should eat small meals throughout the day and avoid foods high in fat and irritants.

Constipation: It is recommended to drink at least 8 8-ounce glasses a day and consume foods high in fiber, such as: Whole Grain Breads and Cereals, Dried and Fresh Fruits with Skin, Fresh Vegetables, Potatoes with Skin, Beans, Beans and Chickpeas. It is important to consult your doctor beforehand since, depending on the treatment, some foods are excluded from the diet.

When cancer is diagnosed, it is very important to undergo appropriate treatment following the recommendations of the Doctor and Nutritionist.

*This information does not constitute or replace a diet. Always consult your Doctor or Nutritionist *

 

 

Radiosurgery for non-malignant diseases

Radiosurgery for non-malignant diseases

By: Dr. Alejandro Blanco Saborio

Radiosurgery or SRS For its acronym in English, it is a concept devised by Neurosurgeon and Professor Lars Leksell in 1952, however, the first treatment could not be performed until the 60's, when the idea of using radiation to produce a change in a tissue, this idea was quickly transferred to tumors located in the central nervous system (CNS).

In our time, the use of this “energy” instrument has revolutionized the management of non-malignant tumors, Like the Meningiomas, Schwannomas, Pituitary adenomas, where it has demonstrated tumor control rates superior to 90% at 10 or more years of follow-up.

Another field of much research, functional disorders,  like pain, the most frequent representative of them is Trigeminal Neuralgia, where in patients refractory to drugs or do not qualify or desire microvascular decompression surgery (when we talk about classic Neuralgia) Radiosurgery could provide relief to users. There is a lot of research currently on the different “targets” that could be useful for relief, we hope that we will soon have more studies on this.

Finally, in the area of neuro-vascular,  Radiosurgery is considered the best therapy for arteriovenous malformations or cavernous angiomas, non-surgical due to eloquent or deep location.

Today, advances in engineering, computing and artificial intelligence contribute enormously to this technique continuing to gain more and more space in modern life in Neuro-Oncology, Neurovascular and functional disorders in the CNS.

 

Equipment
First world.

At the Siglo XXI Radiotherapy Medical Center we have cutting-edge technology for the application of cranial and body radiosurgery. The implementation of artificial intelligence tools such as our Elements planning software in conjunction with our Brainlab ExacTrac equipment – real-time monitoring – allows us to provide the best possible treatment scheme.

This, added to the human resource with the most experience in the country in radiosurgery issues: highly trained personnel, in constant training and in constant review of protocols for the application of the best treatments.

Understanding the importance of adequate time between each radiotherapy session

Understanding the importance of adequate time between each radiotherapy session (rests and exposure to the radiation beam)

By: Dr Rolando Loría

Radiotherapy It is a treatment commonly used in the management of various types of cancer. Radiation is given in fractions (sessions) to maximize damage to cancer cells while minimizing the impact on surrounding normal tissues. The rate of cell death is a crucial aspect in the effectiveness of radiotherapy treatment.

When we talk about the medical term “intra-fraction elongated intervals,” we are referring to the time separation between radiation doses within a treatment. Administration of fractionated doses allows normal cells time to repair damage caused by radiation, while cancer cells, which often have a more limited repair capacity, can accumulate damage and eventually die (Shibamoto, Miyakawa, Otsuka , & Iwata, 2016).

If the times between doses are too short, normal cells may not have enough time to recover, which may increase the risk of side effects. On the other hand, if the intervals are too long, cancer cells may have time to repair some of the damage, reducing the effectiveness of the treatment.

The average times between each radiotherapy session They will depend on the dose and the treatment scheme, however the minimum “rest” time between one session and another is approximately 6 hours in Brain injuries and 8 hours in body injuries.

Maximum “rest” times They will vary between 24 or 48 hours between each session depending on the indicated treatment scheme.

EXHIBITHION TIME

In addition to this, there is another important variable to consider: the times of exposure to radiation during treatments.

The expert Khorramizadeh and collaborators demonstrated that when the exposure time to the radiation beam per session increases from 15 minutes to 45 minutes in each fraction (treatment session), the death of tumor cells is reduced. It seems that the main phenomenon that affects the cellular response is the repair of sublethal damage. The effect of the dose administered over 15 minutes may be greater than that of 30 and 45 minutes (Khorramizadeh, Saberi, & Tahmasebi-Bi, 2017).

High dose equipment such as the Linear Accelerator that the XXI Century Radiotherapy Medical Center, They allow radiosurgery doses to be delivered extremely accurately in the maximum periods indicated in these studies, achieving not only the expected cellular damage but also contributing to the patient's comfort by not being exposed to long periods of treatment as happens in other radiosurgery equipment.

The rate of cell death in radiotherapy depends on several factors, including the sensitivity of the cells to radiation damage, the type of radiation used, the total dose administered, and the dose fraction. The relationship between cell death rate and specific intra-fraction intervals may vary depending on the type of cancer and treatment (Benedict, Lin, Zwicker, Huang, & Schmidt-Ullrich, 1997).

It is important to note that radiotherapy treatment planning is carried out in a personalized manner for each patient, taking into account various clinical and radiobiological factors. Radiation oncologists work to optimize the delivery of radiation to achieve maximum effectiveness against cancer while minimizing side effects on normal tissues.

Bibliography

Khorramizadeh, M., Saberi, A., & Tahmasebi-Bi, M. (September 1, 2017). Impact of Prolonged Fraction Delivery Time Modeling Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy with High Dose Hypofractionation on the Killing of Cultured ACHN Renal Cell Carcinoma Cell Line. J Biomed Phys Eng(3), 205-216.

Shibamoto, Y., Miyakawa, A., Otsuka, S., & Iwata, H. (2016). Radiobiology of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: what are the optimal fractionation schedules? J Radiat Res.(57 Suppl 1), 76-i82.

Benedict, S., Lin, P., Zwicker, R., Huang, D., & Schmidt-Ullrich, R. (Mar 1, 1997). The effectiveness of intermittent biological irradiation as a function of overall treatment time: development of correction factors for linac-based stereotactic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys., 37(4), 765-9.